In electrical engineering, IEC 60269 refers to a set of technical standards for low-voltage power fuses.[1] The standard is in four volumes, which describe general requirements, fuses for industrial and commercial applications, fuses for residential applications, and fuses to protect semiconductor devices. The IEC standard unifies several national standards, thereby improving the interchangeability of fuses in international trade. All fuses of different technologies tested to meet iec standards will have similar time-current characteristics, which simplifies design and maintenance.
In IEC standards, the replaceable element is called a fuse link and the assembly of fuse link and fuse holder is called a fuse. North American standards call the replaceable element only the fuse.
Contents |
IEC 60269 unifies the electrical characteristics of fuses that are dimensionally interchangeable with fuses built to earlier British, German, French or Italian standards.[2] The standard identifies application categories which classify the time-current characteristic of each type of fuse. The application cateogory is a two-digit code.
The second letter indicates the type of equipment or system to be protected:
Any fuses built to the IEC 60269 standard and carrying the same application category (for example, gG or aM) will have similar electrical characteristics, time-current characteristics, power dissipation as any other, even if the fuses are made in the packages standardized to the earlier national standards. Fuses of the same application category can be substituted for each other provided the voltage rating of the circuit does not exceed the fuse rating.
D-type (Diazed)[3] fuse cartridges have a bottle-shaped ceramic body with metal end caps and are fitted in screw-in fuse holders. They are available in five different body sizes, with ratings from 2 A up to 200 A (see table). The designation of a size consists of the letter D and a Roman numeral. Higher-voltage types rated up to 750 V have increased clearance distances and are longer than lower-voltage-rated fuses.
D0-type (Neozed) fuses are similar but have a smaller, cylindrical body. They are available in three different sizes with ratings from 2 A up to 100 A (see table).
In some jurisdictions, replacement of the fuse cartridge by unskilled personnel is allowed only for fuses up to a certain maximum rating. If the fuse cartridge is inserted into the socket without the cap, a shock hazard exists.
Fuseholders may be secured by screws to a panel, attached to bus bars, or mounted on DIN rails. For the Neozed fuses, there are also fuse bases with integrated disconnecting switches. Changing fuses with the circuit off increases the safety of the user. With new versions of these load disconnecting switches, the fuse cartridges are no longer screwed, but are held by spring clips.
The smaller end cap (the "top" of the bottle) has a diameter that varies with the fuse rating: higher ratings have wider end caps. The fixed part of the fuse holder contains a (usually colour-coded) gauge ring, which will accept end caps up to a certain diameter. It is therefore not possible to fit a fuse of a higher rating than allowed for by the gauge ring. The size of the gauge ring is determined by the current rating of the circuit to be protected. Gauge rings are intended to be changed only by authorized personnel.
The larger end cap (the "bottom" of the bottle) has at its centre a small spring-loaded button retained by a thin wire, which serves as a "fuse blown" indicator. When the fuse blows, the wire breaks and the indicator button is ejected by the spring. A missing or displaced indicator thus pinpoints a blown fuse. The removable part of the fuse holder has a small window to allow inspection of the indicator without removal of the fuse. The indicator button usually has a coloured dot indicating the fuse rating (see table).
D- and D0-type fuses are used for protection of circuits up to 500 V AC in residential and commercial installations, and occasionally for the protection of electric motors. The most common operating class is gG (general purpose, formerly gL), but other classes are available. A gG class fuse will typically blow within 2–5 seconds at five times the rated current, and within 0.1–0.2 seconds at ten times the rated current.
| 2 A | 4 A | 6 A | 10 A | 13 A | 16 A | 20 A | 25 A |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pink
|
Brown
|
Green
|
Red
|
Black
|
Grey
|
Blue
|
Yellow
|
| 32 A | 35 A | 40 A | 50 A | 63 A | 80 A | 100 A | |
|
Black
|
Black
|
Black
|
White
|
Copper
|
Silver
|
Red
|
| 125 A | 160 A | 200 A |
|---|---|---|
|
Yellow
|
Copper
|
Blue
|
| Size | Designated current | Thread |
|---|---|---|
| D I (Swiss) | 2 A, 4 A, 6 A, 10 A, 16 A | SE21 |
| D I (NDz) | 2 A, 4 A, 6 A, 10 A, 16 A, 20 A, 25 A | E16 |
| D II | 2 A, 4 A, 6 A, 10 A, 13 A, 16 A, 20 A, 25 A | E27 |
| D III | 35 A, 40 A, 50 A, 63 A | E33 |
| D IV | 80 A, 100 A | G 1¼″ |
| D V | 125 A, 160 A, 200 A | G 2″ |
Fuses of the D0 system (read as D zero) or NEOZED are smaller than the DIAZED fuses. NEOZED fuses are divided into three sizes.
| Size | Rated current | Thread |
|---|---|---|
| D01 | 2 A, 4 A, 6 A, 10 A, 13 A, 16 A | E14 |
| D02 | 20 A, 25 A, 32 A, 35 A, 40 A, 50 A, 63 A | E18 |
| D03 | 80 A, 100 A | M 30 × 2 |
The D03 size is used very rarely, because with these high currents NH fuses have proven to be more reliable. In circuits with a high short-circuit current level, D-fuses cannot be used and type NH fuses are used instead.
NH fuses [4] have a square or oblong body and blade-style terminals. These fuses are larger and have higher ratings than the screw type fuses, up to 1.25 kA. NH fuses are widespread in industrial plants as well as in public mains electricity applications, e.g., in electrical substations and electrical distribution boards, or in house junction boxes in buildings.
NH fuses can be changed with power on the circuit, but this requires special training, special tools, and personal protective equipment. An isolation protection mat and isolating gloves may be necessary. Pulling any fuse cartridge under load can cause an electric arc, which may cause serious and fatal injuries without protection equipment. NH disconnecting switches facilitate the safety of cartridge replacement.
NH fuses are manufactured in several current rating ranges.
| Size | Current range (A) | Approx. blade length (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| 00/000 | 6–160 | 78 |
| 0 | 6–160 | 125 |
| 1 | 80–250 | 135 |
| 2 | 125–400 | 150 |
| 3 | 315–630 | 150 |
| 4 | 500–1,000 | 200 |
| 4a | 500–1,250 | 200 |
In British residential installations, cylindrical fuses with a diameter of 1⁄4 inch and a length of 1 inch (Ø 6.3 × 25.4 mm) in compliance with British Standard BS 1362 are found inside a standard UK 13 A plug. The specification calls for sand-filled fuses with a ceramic body and metallic contacts at the ends with a 5.5 mm length.